SRI LANKA IMF ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION MARCH 2022- HIGHLIGHTS

Link to full report.

 Key highlights:

1. Debt rollover risk is very high. Staff projects FX debt service to reach around US$7 billion in 2022, including the US$1 billion ISBs maturing in July 2022, against critically low gross reserves and the lack of market access.

2. Sri Lanka has started experiencing a debt and BoP crisis where sizable and persistent FX inflows are urgently needed to avoid depletion of gross reserves. The large uncertainties around how to close fiscal and BoP financing gaps—which would persist for years absent policy changes—render macroeconomic forecasting extremely challenging. The illustrative scenario below aims to describe the authorities’ current policies while making optimistic assumptions that the financing gaps are closed through asset sales and new—currently unidentified and uncertain—external financing from bilateral strategic partners at reasonable costs.

a. The primary deficit would decline to 2.8 percent of GDP in 2022 as envisaged in the Budget, despite substantial risks. 

b. The current account deficit would narrow gradually over the medium-term, as tourism slowly recovers. 

c. A severe debt overhang, heightened macro imbalances, prolonged FX shortages, and the cut in government capital spending would erode business and public confidence and deter investment, productivity growth, and confidence in the currency. Accordingly, growth would weaken to 2.6 percent in 2022—amid the lingering impact of the chemical fertilizer ban and supply shortages —and stay below potential (estimated in the range of 3.1-4.1 percent absent structural reforms, through 2026. 

3. Risks around this scenario are clearly tilted to the downside. Should the unidentified external financing not be forthcoming, the country could experience a disorderly adjustment through severe import compression and potentially external arrears in the near-term. Relying on domestic sources to fill the fiscal financing gaps, as intended by the authorities, would either suffocate private credit growth or require further monetary financing of the fiscal deficit, which can undermine monetary stability.  Confidence in the currency and the financial sector could erode under such a downside scenario, leading to an even worse macroeconomic outcome, severely affecting life and livelihood of many segments of the population, and risking intensifying social discontent.

4. The authorities have presented plans to tackle the crisis but these are unlikely to put the economy back on a stable and sustainable path. The authorities are following a 6-month Roadmap announced by the CBSL in October 2021, which aims to address near-term FX shortages by raising new financing from government-to-government loans and currency swaps with foreign central banks, expediting state asset sales, and tightening export surrender requirements. In this regard, new bilateral support by India totaling US$1.4 billion, comprising a central bank currency swap, a credit line for fuel imports, and deferment of clearing Sri Lanka’s balance at the Asian Clearing Union, has recently been secured. However, even if these inflows could provide some breathing space in the short term, it remains unclear how the large FX debt service obligations this year and beyond can be met.

5. To avert a full-fledged BoP and debt crisis, there is an urgent need for implementing a credible and coherent strategy to restore fiscal and debt sustainability and regain macroeconomic stability, covering both the near and medium term. Staff recommends a comprehensive set of policies with specific measures, comprising:

a. Implementing revenue-based fiscal consolidation and tightening monetary policy; moving away from an unsustainable de-facto exchange rate peg and restoring a market-determined exchange rate, while containing the risk of disorderly exchange rate movements; and mitigating adverse impacts of the macroeconomic adjustments on vulnerable groups by strengthening social safety nets. Institution building reforms, such as revamping the fiscal rule, would help ensure the credibility of the strategy

b. Developing a comprehensive strategy to restore debt sustainability. The development of such a strategy is the prerogative of the authorities, and the Fund always advises members to stay current on their debt obligations to the extent possible. This said, in staff’s view, fiscal consolidation and macroeconomic policy adjustments alone cannot restore Sri Lanka’s debt sustainability.

Macro economic stabilisation

I noticed that this has become the subject of discussion so it thought it would be worth explaining what this entails.

In an open economy (ie one that has some degree of trade with the outside world), we can summarise the desirable economic goals as being the attainment of internal and external balance. Internal balance means a steady growth of the domestic economy consistent with a low unemployment rate. External balance is the achievement of a desired trade balance or desired international capital flows.

We assume that macroeconomic equilibrium requires equilibrium in three major sectors of the economy:

 • Goods market equilibrium. The quantity of goods and services supplied is equal to the quantity demanded. 

 • Money market equilibrium. The quantity of money supplied is equal to the quantity demanded. 

 • Balance of payments equilibrium. The current account deficit is equal to the capital account surplus, so that the official settlements definition of the balance of payments equals zero. 

These are all at the aggregate level. Production, Prices and the Balance of Payments are the three variables. Any fundamental imbalances will eventually be visible in these. If we witness volatility in exchange rates, inflation, interest rates or widespread shortages of goods these are all usually indicative of imbalances.

Keynes’s contribution to economic theory has been the central role he assigned to fiscal policy in stabilising output. Within the Keynesian framework, the fiscal deficit or a surplus is the most important balancing factor in the economy. This determines the levels of aggregate demand, income, prices, and eventually, in an open economy, of the balance of payments. 

The means by which a budget deficit is financed, whether by borrowing, taxes or money printing (Central Bank credit) will determine the way in which this impacts the economy.

Fiscal deficits can cause fluctuations in inflation, interest rates (through increased levels of government borrowing) and exchange rates (thorough the current account deficit). Higher public debt which accumulates due to persistent deficits may create uncertainty around future tax policy. In addition to crowding out, fluctuations in these key macroeconomic variables increases economic uncertainty causing businesses and individuals to defer investment decisions.

The connection between fiscal and current accounts deficits is sometimes obscure. The Keynesian view is that a rise in the budget deficit will increase domestic absorption via import expansion, causing a current account deficit. This view seems supported by empirical evidence for Sri Lanka; for example Saleh, Nair & Agalewatte (2005), Chowdhury and Saleh (2008). Perera and Liyanage (2011) find empirical evidence for long run relationships between twin deficits in Sri Lanka¹.

To explain the connection between the budget deficit and the balance of payments in simple terms see the figures below. Between 2019-2022 the government recruited an additional 250,000 people. Payments increased as follows:

                    2019        2020

Salaries from 686bn      794bn (up 108bn)

Pensions       228bn       258bn (up 30bn)

Subsidies      551bn        717bn 

In addition, public investment up from 631bn to 811bn.

What would these people have done with their salaries? They would have spent a proportion (the marginal propensity to consume or MPC) and saved some. Of what was spent, some would be on local goods, some of it on imported goods. Even some of the local goods (for example local biscuits) would include imported inputs - from the board/plastic used in the packaging to the wheat and sugar in the ingredients. The marginal propensity to import is as important a determinant of the results of a fiscal expansion as the MPC. This is how the budget deficit connects to the current account deficit. This phenomenon is sometimes termed the twin deficit hypothesis. Pay more salaries = larger deficit, cut taxes = larger deficit; do both and deficit becomes very large. Current account deficit follows suite.

Sri Lanka's ongoing crisis bears all the hallmarks of a serious disequilibrium, addressing this means revisiting the causes; closing the deficit and controlling the money supply. This causes a sharp contraction in the economy and hardship on the population which needs to be managed as far as possible, foreign grants and assistance in the form of food and humanitarian supplies would be one option for example.

The alternative to painful stabilisation is to continue to proceed on this path until it ends in a meltdown. 

1Staff StudieS Central Bank of Sri lanka (2011) [online] Available at: https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/statistics/otherpub/StaffStudies_Vol_41_2011-min.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2022].